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It would allow police to use deadly force only when it is "necessary" to defend against an imminent threat of death or serious injury to officers or bystanders. It was sparked by public outrage over fatal shootings by police, including the killing of unarmed vandalism suspect Stephon Clark in Sacramento last year.
The measure passed after 90 minutes of debate, including from lawmakers who said they or a loved one had been stopped because of their race or ethnicity.
"I went through 'black driver training,'" said Democratic Assemblyman Reggie Jones-Sawyer of Los Angeles. "I still have that fear that I may not go home when those lights are behind me. But more importantly, law enforcement still has their fear that if they stop someone that looks like me, that they may not go home. We need to end that."
The measure is linked to legislation approved Tuesday by the Senate that would require training for officers on ways to de-escalate confrontations, alternatives to opening fire and ways to interact with people with mental illness or other issues.
Robert Weisberg, co-director of the Stanford Criminal Justice Center and an expert on use-of-force law, said the combined measures will improve police training. However, "the inclusion of this word 'necessary' doesn't really change anything, because necessary is ... always going to be subject to court interpretation."
That's particularly true after amendments last week deleted an explicit definition of "necessary" that had said officers could open fire only when there is "no reasonable alternative."
That change was key to law enforcement becoming officially neutral on the legislation because it effectively aligns with existing court decisions, said Brian Marvel, president of the rank-and-file Peace Officers Research Association of California and a top negotiator on the amended measure.
Amendments also removed what had been an explicit requirement that officers try to de-escalate confrontations before using deadly force, replacing it with what Weisberg called "some fuzzy language about exploring alternatives."
That change also was also crucial because it deleted what Marvel said was essentially "a checklist before they could use lethal force," subjecting officers to endless second-guessing of what often is a split-second decision.
Weisberg said the legislation brings California's antiquated law in line with court rulings and other states on when officers can shoot a fleeing suspect, making it clear that the officer must reasonably believe the suspect is likely to cause death or serious injury unless they're immediately caught.
Other use-of-force experts had split on the practical effects, though the American Civil Liberties Union, which proposed the bill and negotiated the changes, said it still contains the strongest language of any state.
"I think it does move the needle," said California Police Chiefs Association president Ron Lawrence, another key negotiator on changing the measure.
He said the biggest component is better police training and predicted that the pair of bills "will create an environment where it's very clear what is reasonable, given the totality of the circumstances."